World general knowledge facts

https://www.mdpi.com/1396952 : The Transition to Noncommunicable Disease: How to Reduce Its Unsustainable Global Burden by Increasing Cognitive Access to Health Self-Management Abstract: The global epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, is creating unsustainable burdens on health systems worldwide. NCDs are treatable but not curable. They are less amenable to top-down prevention and control than are the infectious diseases now in retreat. NCDs are mostly preventable, but only individuals themselves have the power to prevent and manage the diseases to which the enticements of modernity and rising prosperity have made them so susceptible (e.g., tobacco, fat-salt-carbohydrate laden food products). Rates of nonadherence to healthcare regimens for controlling NCDs are high, despite the predictable long-term ravages of not self-managing an NCD effectively. I use international data on adult functional literacy to show why the cognitive de...

https://www.mdpi.com/si/69309 How Intelligence Can Be a Solution to Consequential World ProblemsDear Colleagues, The idea of the proposed symposium is to ask major contributors to the field of intelligence to take one consequential real-world problem—a problem of their choice—and to write about how what we know about intelligence could help us to solve the problem. What is, has been, or could be the role of human intelligence in solving a consequential problem the world faces? A large proportion of intelligence research is devoted to basic issues; for example, what is the psychometric structure of intelligence? What are the cognitive bases of intelligence? What are the brain-based correlates (or even causes) of intelligence? What does intelligence predict? What are the validity and reliability of a certain kind of intelligence test, compared with those of other such tests? What makes a particular theory valid? Such research is needed, but there are also problems larger than those...

Yet another study supporting the prominent role of attentional control (AC) for higher level cognition.  A neurocognitive psychometrics account of individual differences in attentional control. - PsycNET  https://ift.tt/CRghWB2 ****************************************** Kevin S. McGrew, PhD Educational & School Psychologist Director Institute for Applied Psychometrics (IAP) https://www.themindhub.com ****************************************** from IQ's Corner https://ift.tt/80Jj2e4 via IFTTT https://ift.tt/bYMJOod

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.479237v1 The genetics of specific cognitive abilities Francesca   Procopio ,  Quan   Zhou ,  Ziye   Wang ,  Agnieska   Gidziela ,    View ORCID Profile Kaili   Rimfeld ,    View ORCID Profile Margherita   Malanchini ,  Robert   Plomin doi:  https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.05.479237   This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [ what does this mean? ]. 0000000 Abstract Abstract Most research on individual differences in performance on tests of cognitive ability focuses on general cognitive ability (g), the highest level in the three-level Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) hierarchical model of intelligence. About 50% of the variance of g is due to inherited DNA differences (heritability) which increases across development. Much less is known about the genetics of the middle level of the CHC model, which includes 16 broad factors s...

https://ift.tt/O8nh42D Schubert, A.-L., Löffler, C., & Hagemann, D. (2022). A neurocognitive psychometrics account of individual differences in attentional control.  Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.  Advance online publication.  https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001184 Attention control processes play an important role in many substantial psychological theories but are hard to reliably and validly measure on the subject-level. Therefore, associations between individual differences in attentional control and other variables are often inconsistent. Here we propose a novel neurocognitive psychometrics account of attentional control that integrates model parameters from the dual-stage two-phase model (Hübner et al., 2010), a mathematical model of selective attention, with neural correlates of conflict processing (i.e., latencies of the stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential) in a multilayer structural equation model framework. We analyzed data from 150 p...

 Attention control and process overlap theory: Searching for cognitive processes underpinning the positive manifold - ScienceDirect  https://ift.tt/76vlbZqwr Highlights • We discuss process overlap theory and the executive attention framework. • Both theories provide explanations for the positive manifold among ability tests. • Analyses revealed that attention control had the highest loading on the  g -factor. • Attention control largely explained the positive correlations between abilities. Abstract Process overlap theory provides a contemporary explanation for the positive correlations observed among cognitive ability measures, a phenomenon which intelligence researchers refer to as the positive manifold. According to process overlap theory, cognitive tasks tap domain-general executive processes as well as domain-specific processes, and correlations between measures reflect the degree of overlap in the cognitive processes that are engaged when performing the tasks. ...

https://ift.tt/Ij42Fnp1f We investigated sex differences in 473,260 adolescents' aspirations to work in things-oriented (e.g., mechanic), people-oriented (e.g., nurse), and STEM (e.g., mathematician) careers across 80 countries and economic regions using the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). We analyzed student career aspirations in combination with student achievement in mathematics, reading, and science, as well as parental occupations and family wealth. In each country and region, more boys than girls aspired to a things-oriented or STEM occupation and more girls than boys to a people-oriented occupation. These sex differences were larger in countries with a higher level of women's empowerment. We explain this counter-intuitive finding through the indirect effect of wealth. Women's empowerment is associated with relatively high levels of national wealth and this wealth allows more students to aspire to occupations they are intrinsically inter...